Procedimentos de Investigação

In 2025, the EIB Group continued to advance connectivity, climate action and the EU accession process in the Western Balkans, in close cooperation with the European Commission, international and local partners.

This paper studies why it is often hard to judge whether a country’s public debt is sustainable. We show that defaults aren’t driven solely by the underlying economy, but also by expectations among lenders—especially in times of crisis.

The paper analyzes two strategic choices by European firms: whether they invest in energy efficiency and what share of their total investment they allocate to such measures.