This paper is aimed at PPP procuring authorities and PPP public stakeholders generally.
It highlights the key characteristics of bond financing and identifies the main issues that authorities will typically face when PPPs are to be financed with bond instruments.
Using a unique dataset, this report explores the business environment in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, diving into trade and innovation, green economy, financial gaps, among others.
Despite the COVID-19 crisis, 2021 was a positive year for financing in Sweden by the EIB Group. In total, the EIB Group provided financing to the country worth nearly €2.5 billion to support a variety of initiatives.
European firms have increasingly invested in training of employees but there are differences between countries and firm types. This paper analyses European firms’ investment in training over the last six years examining trends, factors supporting training investment and the impact of COVID-19.